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Canine Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Food Comparison

In cases of canine Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), particularly when accompanied by bladder stones, veterinarians typically recommend changes in diet as the initial course of treatment before considering surgical options.

While a quick search reveals many natural diet protocols available for dogs which attempt to address the problem of UTIs, a veterinarian will likely prescribe a strict diet of Royal Canin Urinary SO dry dog food, possibly with soft food and extra liquid added for hydration purposes.

This article attempts to compare the ingredients and analysis of Royal Canin Urinary SO food with that of Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Senior Chicken and Brown Rice Recipe, with a goal of finding a food that supports urinary health without requiring a veterinary prescription.

What is Important in a UTI Diet for Dogs?

In canine diets, ingredients aimed at supporting urinary tract health typically focus on:

  1. Maintaining Urinary pH: Diets formulated for urinary health often aim to maintain a specific urinary pH to help prevent the formation of bladder stones. Having a way to measure your dog’s pH will be invaluable. Consider investing in a pH meter and microscope for at-home urinalysis.
  2. Controlling Mineral Levels: Controlling levels of minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, which can contribute to stone formation, is often a focus. It is unclear what purpose calcium serves mammals, despite being touted as a critical nutrient. All dog foods would benefit from the removal of any added calcium.
  3. Increasing Water Intake: Increasing water consumption to promote regular urination can help flush the urinary tract and reduce the risk of infections and stone formation. Wet food diets or adding water to dry food can aid in this.
  4. Specialized Ingredients: Some diets may include ingredients like cranberries or methionine, which are sometimes believed to support urinary tract health, although the evidence for their effectiveness is mixed.

Lowering Urine pH

The normal pH range for dog urine is typically around 5.5 to 7.0, but this can vary depending on the dog and its diet. A pH outside of this range might increase the risk of stone formation.

In the ingredient lists of both Blue Buffalo and Royal Canin dog foods, several components may contribute to lowering the pH of a dog’s urine, which is often a dietary strategy used to prevent the formation of certain types of urinary stones, like struvite stones.

  1. Meat and Meat Meals: High-protein ingredients, such as “Deboned Chicken” and “Chicken Meal” in Blue Buffalo, and “Chicken by-product meal” in Royal Canin, can lower urine pH. Animal-based proteins tend to produce more acidic urine.
  2. Corn and Corn Products: In Royal Canin, “Corn” and “Corn gluten meal” are significant ingredients. Corn gluten meal can have a urine-acidifying effect.
  3. Dicalcium Phosphate: Found in Blue Buffalo, this ingredient can also contribute to acidifying urine.
  4. DL-Methionine: This amino acid, included in both brands (Blue Buffalo and Royal Canin), is specifically known for its urine acidifying properties. It’s often added to dog foods for this purpose.

It’s crucial for dogs prone to urinary issues to be on a diet that’s specifically formulated for their needs, as balancing urine pH is a delicate process. Diets that are not properly balanced can lead to other health problems.

Ingredient Comparison

Comparing the ingredient lists of Blue Buffalo and Royal Canin dog foods reveals several differences in their composition:

Primary Protein Sources:

  • Blue Buffalo: Lists “Deboned Chicken” and “Chicken Meal” as primary protein sources.
  • Royal Canin: Uses “Chicken by-product meal” as a primary protein source.

Both deboned chicken and chicken meal are known to be higher quality than chicken by-product meal.

Result: One Point Blue Buffalo

Grain Ingredients:

  • Blue Buffalo: Contains grains like “Brown Rice,” “Barley,” and “Oatmeal.”
  • Royal Canin: Primarily uses “Brewers rice” and “Corn,” including “Brewers rice flour” and “Corn gluten meal.”

Brown Rice and Brewers Rice are likely similar, but barley and oatmeal seem much better for dogs than any corn products. Corn can, however, have an acidifying effect on the urine, which would help a UTI.

Result: One Point Each

Fiber Sources:

  • Blue Buffalo: Includes “Pea Fiber,” “Potato Starch,” and “Dried Chicory Root” as sources of fiber.
  • Royal Canin: Uses “Powdered Cellulose” as a fiber source.

Dried chicory root, pea pods, and potato powder certainly seem a better fiber source than sawdust.

Result: One Point Blue Buffalo

Fats and Oils:

  • Blue Buffalo: Contains “Chicken Fat” and “Fish Oil” as sources of fats and fatty acids.
  • Royal Canin: Uses “Chicken fat” and “Vegetable oil.”

Fish oils are known to be much healthier for dogs than vegetable oils, as they contain Omega-3 fatty acids.

Result: One Point Blue Buffalo

Pea-based Ingredients:

  • Blue Buffalo: Has several pea-based ingredients like “Peas,” “Pea Starch,” and “Pea Protein.”
  • Royal Canin: Does not list pea-based ingredients.

While it is unclear how peas may help urinary health, Blue Buffalo clearly values peas. Further, it would seem well within a dog’s repertoire to munch peas from a garden when starving.

Result: One Point Blue Buffalo

Natural Flavors:

  • Blue Buffalo: Includes “Natural Flavor.”
  • Royal Canin: Lists “Natural flavors.”

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), “natural flavor” or “natural flavoring” is derived from substances extracted from plant or animal sources, such as fruits, vegetables, meats, poultry, dairy products, herbs, spices, and fermentation products. The exact composition of “natural flavor” can vary widely and is often a proprietary blend unique to each manufacturer.

Result: Draw

Vegetable and Fruit Additions:

  • Blue Buffalo: Contains a variety of fruits and vegetables like “Sweet Potatoes,” “Carrots,” “Blueberries,” “Cranberries,” and “Parsley.”
  • Royal Canin: Does not list specific fruits or vegetables, except for “Marigold extract.”

Cranberries and parsley are both known to support urinary health in dogs, which are missing in the Royal Canin. Marigold extract is rich in lutein, a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Result: One Point Each

Supplements and Additives:

  • Both brands include various vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, but the specific types and their order in the list vary.
  • Blue Buffalo includes unique ingredients like “Yucca Schidigera Extract,” “Turmeric,” and various fermentation products.
  • Royal Canin includes “L-tryptophan”

Both Yucca Schidigera Extract and L-tryptophan are useful to dogs, especially when battling a UTI. Both ingredients should be in both foods.

Result: One Point Each

Color and Preservatives:

  • Blue Buffalo: Mentions “Vegetable Juice for color” and “Oil of Rosemary.”
  • Royal Canin: Uses “Rosemary extract,” preserved with “Mixed tocopherols and citric acid.”

They both agree rosemary extract is good for dogs, or at least good for dog food color.

Result: Draw

Specialty Ingredients:

  • Blue Buffalo: Contains unique components like “Glucosamine Hydrochloride,” “Chondroitin Sulfate,” and various fermentation extracts.
  • Royal Canin: Does not list these specific ingredients.

Known to support joint health, among other benefits, Glucosamine and Chondroitin are welcome dog food additives which are missing in Royal Canin.

Result: One Point Blue Buffalo

These differences reflect the brands’ distinct nutritional philosophies and target markets. Blue Buffalo tends to emphasize natural ingredients and includes a broader range of fruits, vegetables, and specialty supplements. In contrast, Royal Canin focuses on a more streamlined ingredient list with an emphasis on specific nutritional outcomes.

Final Assessment

In a comparison between two good dog foods geared for urinary health, with a record of eight wins, two draws, and no losses, it seems Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Senior Chicken and Brown Rice Recipe is not only a good substitute for the vet-prescribed Royal Canin Urinary SO, but is superior in several areas. It only seems to lack L-tryptophan and maybe Marigold Extract, which could be included as separate supplements, without prescription.

L-tryptophan

L-tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is often prescribed by veterinarians for dogs for several reasons, primarily related to its role in the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that affects mood and behavior. Here are some common reasons for its use:

  1. Anxiety and Stress Reduction: L-tryptophan is known to help in the synthesis of serotonin, which can have a calming effect. It’s often used to help reduce anxiety, stress, and aggression in dogs, especially in situations like separation anxiety, fear of loud noises (like thunderstorms or fireworks), or stress due to changes in the environment.
  2. Behavioral Problems: For dogs exhibiting unwanted behaviors such as excessive barking, aggression, or hyperactivity, L-tryptophan can be part of a treatment plan to help manage these issues.
  3. Mood Improvement: In cases where dogs seem depressed or withdrawn, L-tryptophan supplementation can sometimes help improve mood by increasing serotonin levels.
  4. Sleep Aid: Since serotonin is a precursor to melatonin (a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles), L-tryptophan can help in regulating sleep patterns, which can be beneficial for dogs with sleep disturbances.
  5. Support During Training: L-tryptophan can be used as a supplement to support training efforts, especially for dogs that are highly strung or anxious, making them more receptive to training.
  6. Appetite Regulation: In some cases, L-tryptophan may be used to help regulate appetite, as serotonin levels can influence feeding behavior.

Yucca Schidigera Extract

Yucca Schidigera extract is a supplement derived from a plant native to the deserts of North and Central America and is commonly included in pet foods and supplements for several potential benefits:

  1. Reduction of Odor in Waste: One of the most noted benefits of Yucca Schidigera extract in dog food is its ability to reduce the odor of pet waste. Yucca contains compounds that can decrease the emission of ammonia from urine and feces, resulting in less smelly waste.
  2. Anti-inflammatory Properties: Yucca Schidigera is believed to have natural anti-inflammatory properties. This can potentially benefit dogs with arthritis or other inflammatory conditions by reducing pain and discomfort associated with inflammation.
  3. Digestive Health: Some evidence suggests that Yucca Schidigera extract can improve overall digestive health. It may aid in increasing the absorption of nutrients and improving gut health, although more research is needed in this area.
  4. Immune System Support: The extract contains antioxidants, which can support the immune system by combating free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in the body.

Marigold Extract

Marigold extract, particularly from the species Calendula officinalis, is known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and healing properties in herbal medicine, which may contribute to its potential benefits in urinary tract infections (UTI) in both humans and animals.

Here’s how it might help:

  1. Anti-inflammatory Properties: Marigold extract can help reduce inflammation, which is beneficial in treating the symptoms of UTIs. By reducing inflammation in the urinary tract, it can help alleviate pain and discomfort associated with UTIs.
  2. Antimicrobial Effects: Some studies have indicated that marigold possesses antimicrobial properties, which might help in combating the bacteria responsible for UTIs. However, these effects are generally mild and not sufficient to replace conventional antibiotics for treating infections.
  3. Healing and Soothing Effects: Marigold is also known for its ability to promote healing of tissues. In the context of a UTI, it might help in the recovery of the urinary tract’s mucosal lining.
  4. Diuretic Properties: There is some evidence that marigold may have mild diuretic effects, which can help in flushing the urinary system, potentially aiding in the removal of bacteria.

Marshmallow Root Extract

Marshmallow root extract, derived from the Althaea officinalis plant, is known for its medicinal properties and can be used for various purposes in dogs. Here are some potential benefits:

  1. Digestive Health: Marshmallow root has mucilaginous properties, meaning it can form a gel-like substance when mixed with water. This can be soothing for the digestive tract, potentially helping with issues like inflammation, irritation, or ulcers in the gastrointestinal system.
  2. Respiratory Support: The soothing properties of marshmallow root can also be beneficial for the respiratory system. It may help relieve irritation in the throat and coughing, which can be beneficial for dogs with mild throat irritations or coughs.
  3. Urinary Health: Due to its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties, marshmallow root may help in soothing the lining of the urinary tract. This can be beneficial for dogs with mild urinary inflammation or cystitis.
  4. Skin Health: Applied topically, marshmallow root extract can be soothing for the skin, potentially helping with conditions like hot spots, insect bites, or minor wounds, due to its anti-inflammatory and hydrating properties.

Corn Substitutes for Lowering pH

To lower the pH of a dog’s urine, which can be beneficial for preventing certain types of urinary stones, several dietary ingredients and supplements can be used.

Here are some common ingredients and supplements that are known to help acidify urine in dogs:

  1. Methionine: This amino acid is often used as a supplement to acidify urine. Methionine is metabolized into sulfuric acid, which helps lower urine pH. Found in meat sources.
  2. Ammonium Chloride: This is another supplement that can be used to acidify urine. It’s commonly used in prescription diets formulated for dogs prone to certain types of urinary stones.
  3. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): While dogs can synthesize vitamin C on their own, additional ascorbic acid supplementation can sometimes be used to help acidify urine. However, this should be done carefully and under veterinary supervision as excessive vitamin C can lead to gastrointestinal upset and is not always effective in changing urine pH.
  4. Cranberries and Cranberry Extract: Some evidence suggests that cranberries can help lower urine pH and also prevent bacteria from adhering to the bladder walls, although the effectiveness can vary.
  5. Dl-Apple Acid: This is another acidifier that can be used in dog food to lower urine pH.

Remember, the goal in managing urine pH is not simply to make the urine as acidic as possible; rather, it’s to maintain it within a healthy range to prevent health issues. Over-acidification of urine can lead to other health problems, including the risk of oxalate stones.

Could Oaks from the Lake Wales Ridge Save a Desert?

Assuming any one particular desert was at some point forested, ecologists at Three Psilos, Inc. believe some of Florida’s native Oak species (Quercus) from the Lake Wales Ridge could potentially help reforest such a desert.

Why the Lake Wales Ridge?

The Lake Wales Ridge is a sandy ridge that runs parallel to the central portion of the Florida Peninsula, stretching from Polk County in the north to Highlands County in the south.

The ridge was formed as a result of ancient marine terraces, which were once ancient coastlines of Florida during periods of lower sea levels. These marine terraces were formed by the deposition of sand and sediment over millions of years. Over time, subsequent erosion and weathering processes shaped the sandy deposits into the distinct ridge we see today.

The Lake Wales Ridge is estimated to be around 2.5 to 5 million years old, based on geological studies and dating methods such as radiometric dating of volcanic ash layers and fossils found within the ridge. These ages suggest that the formation of the Lake Wales Ridge predates the development of other parts of Florida, including areas near Tampa or regions closer to sea level. This also gives those plant species from the area a huge advantage over a much longer period of time for various genetic mutations to handle ecological conditions and their ongoing changes.

The Lake Wales Ridge is characterized by well-drained sandy soils and a relatively low annual rainfall compared to other parts of Florida.

One of the key similarities between the Lake Wales Ridge and desert environments is the presence of sandy soils. The sandy soils found on the ridge are nutrient-poor and have low water-holding capacity, which can be reminiscent of desert soils. Additionally, the Lake Wales Ridge experiences higher temperatures and lower precipitation compared to other parts of Florida, which contributes to a drier microclimate.

Sand Live Oak (Quercus geminata)

Sand Live Oak’s adaptability to sandy soils makes it a potentially suitable species for reforestation efforts in desert areas that have lost their forests. Its ability to withstand harsh conditions, including drought and high temperatures, can be advantageous in restoring vegetation in arid environments.

Sand Live Oak’s dense canopy provides shade, helping to mitigate the effects of direct sunlight and reducing evaporation from the soil. This can contribute to moisture retention and support the establishment of other plant species in the reforestation process.

The leaves of Sand Live Oak (Quercus geminata) have certain characteristics that make them fire-retardant and aid in moisture retention within their environment. These adaptations contribute to the oak’s resilience in fire-prone ecosystems such as the sandy habitats found in the Lake Wales Ridge and other regions of Florida.

Sand Live Oak leaves have thick, leathery textures and waxy coatings, which are common features of fire-adapted plant species. These traits help reduce the flammability of the leaves and provide protection against heat and fire damage. The reduced flammability of the leaves allows the tree to withstand low-intensity fires more effectively.

Additionally, the thick leaves of Sand Live Oak contribute to moisture retention within the ecosystem. The leaves provide shade, reducing the direct exposure of the soil to sunlight and minimizing water loss through evaporation. This shading effect helps to maintain higher soil moisture levels, promoting better water availability for the oak tree itself and other plants in the surrounding area.

The combination of fire-retardant leaves and moisture retention capabilities enhances the resilience of Sand Live Oak and its ability to persist in fire-prone and drier environments. These adaptations are important factors in the overall ecosystem dynamics of the Lake Wales Ridge and other sandy habitats, such as deserts.

Furthermore, Sand Live Oak’s role in stabilizing sandy soils can be beneficial in preventing erosion and promoting soil conservation in desert regions. The extensive root system of this oak species helps bind the soil together, reducing the risk of wind and water erosion.

American Turkey Oak (Quercus laevis)

The American Turkey Oak is known for its resilience and ability to tolerate dry conditions, making it suitable for reforestation efforts in desert areas that have experienced forest loss. Its deep root system helps the tree access water sources even during droughts, aiding in its survival in arid environments. It is so tough, it acts as a lightning rod for the Florida Scrubs, arcing huge current from cloud to ground… and living through it.

This oak species provides several ecological benefits. Its canopy offers shade and shelter for wildlife, including birds and small mammals. The acorns produced by American Turkey Oak serve as a food source for various animals, contributing to the local food web. Moreover, the tree’s leaf litter enhances soil fertility and provides organic matter, supporting the growth of other plant species and promoting ecosystem health.

When considering reforestation projects in desert areas, the inclusion of American Turkey Oak can contribute to the restoration of diverse and resilient ecosystems. However, it is important to assess the specific environmental conditions, availability of water, and suitability of companion plant species to ensure the successful establishment and long-term survival of American Turkey Oak and the overall reforestation efforts.

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Top 10 Plant Species for Ecology Restoration on the Lake Wales Ridge

When considering the restoration of native ecology on the Lake Wales Ridge in Central Florida, it is important to prioritize the establishment of plant species that are native to the region and play crucial roles in the local ecosystem. Here are some top plant species that could be installed first in a restoration project:

  1. Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens): Saw Palmetto is a characteristic plant of the scrub ecosystems in Central Florida, including the Lake Wales Ridge. It is a small, palm-like shrub with fan-shaped leaves and produces berries that are an important food source for various wildlife species. Saw Palmetto also provides cover and nesting sites for birds and reptiles, contributing to the overall biodiversity of the restored ecosystem.
  2. American Turkey Oak (Quercus laevis): The American Turkey Oak is a native oak species that can be found in the sandy soils of the southeastern United States, including parts of Florida. It is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree that can adapt well to various soil types, including those with sandy composition.
  3. Sandhill Wiregrass (Aristida stricta): Wiregrass is a dominant and highly adaptable grass species that forms the foundation of the sandhill ecosystem on the Lake Wales Ridge. It helps maintain the open structure of the habitat and supports a diverse array of wildlife. ARISTIDA STRICTA Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 41. 1803.
  4. Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris): Longleaf Pine is a fire-adapted tree species that historically dominated the upland habitats of the Lake Wales Ridge. It provides habitat for various species, including the endangered Florida scrub-jay, and its long needles create a unique microhabitat.
  5. Scrub Oak (Quercus inopina): Scrub Oak is a small, shrubby oak species that thrives in the nutrient-poor, well-drained soils of the Lake Wales Ridge. It is an important component of the scrub ecosystem and provides food and cover for many wildlife species.
  6. Sand Live Oak (Quercus geminata): Sand Live Oak is a native oak species that is well-adapted to the sandy soils of the Lake Wales Ridge. It is a medium-sized evergreen tree with a dense canopy that provides shade and shelter for a variety of wildlife. Sand Live Oak plays a crucial role in stabilizing the sandy soils and preventing erosion.
  7. Florida Rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides): Florida Rosemary is a characteristic shrub of the Florida scrub habitat. It has needle-like leaves and small white flowers, and it plays a vital role in stabilizing the sandy soils and providing habitat for specialized species.
  8. Wireweed (Sida spp.): Wireweed is a herbaceous plant that is well-adapted to the sandy soils of the ridge. It provides food and cover for various insects and birds.
  9. Scrub Hickory (Carya floridana): Scrub Hickory is a small, slow-growing tree species that is restricted to the scrub habitats of Central Florida. It provides food in the form of nuts and supports wildlife diversity.
  10. Scrub Mint (Dicerandra spp.): Scrub Mint is a group of endangered plant species that are endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge. They have small, aromatic leaves and attract specialized pollinators.

It is important to consult with local experts and restoration ecologists, such as Three Psilos, Inc., who have in-depth knowledge of the Lake Wales Ridge ecosystem to develop a comprehensive plant list tailored to the specific site conditions and restoration goals. We can provide guidance on the most suitable plant species and their appropriate placement in the ecological restoration process.

Site Ecology Report for Large Sites (per 100 acres)

Site Ecology Report for Large Sites (per 100 acres)

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Propagation by Root Cuttings

Taking root cuttings from plants is a method of vegetative propagation that allows you to propagate new plants from existing ones. Here is a general procedure to take root cuttings from a plant:

1. Choose the Plant and Timing: Select a plant that is known to propagate well from root cuttings. It’s best to take root cuttings during the plant’s dormant season, typically in late winter or early spring before new growth begins.

2. Prepare the Tools and Materials: Gather the necessary tools and materials, including a sharp, clean knife or pruners, a clean cutting board or surface, a pot or container with well-draining soil or rooting medium, and optional rooting hormone (available at garden centers).

3. Prepare the Parent Plant: Dig around the base of the parent plant and carefully expose the roots. Choose healthy, thick, and vigorous roots for the best chances of successful propagation. Avoid using thin or damaged roots.

4. Take Root Cuttings: Cut sections of the roots with a sharp knife or pruners. Aim for cuttings that are 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm) long, depending on the plant species and its root structure. Each cutting should have at least one bud or growing point.

5. Treat the Cuttings (Optional): Some plants benefit from using a rooting hormone to stimulate root development. Dip the cut end of each root cutting into the rooting hormone powder or solution, following the manufacturer’s instructions.

6. Prepare the Growing Medium: Fill a pot or container with a well-draining soil mix or rooting medium. Moisten the medium to ensure it is evenly damp but not waterlogged.

7. Insert the Cuttings: Make holes in the growing medium using a pencil or your finger, spacing them appropriately based on the plant’s requirements. Insert the root cuttings into the holes, burying them to the appropriate depth, leaving the bud or growing point above the soil.

8. Provide Care: Place the container in a suitable location with filtered light and maintain a consistent temperature and humidity. Water the cuttings gently to keep the medium slightly moist but not soggy. Avoid overwatering, as excessive moisture can lead to rot.

9. Monitor and Wait: Regularly check the cuttings for signs of new growth, indicating successful root development. This process can take several weeks to months, depending on the plant species.

10. Transplanting: Once the cuttings have developed a healthy root system and new growth, they can be transplanted into individual pots or directly into the desired planting site, following the specific requirements of the plant species.

It’s important to note that not all plant species can be propagated successfully from root cuttings. Some plants are more suitable for other propagation methods like stem cuttings or division. Additionally, it’s always recommended to research and follow specific instructions for the particular plant you are working with, as propagation methods can vary depending on the species.

Install Southern Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) at Your Site

Install Southern Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) at Your Site

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How to Germinate Longleaf Pine Seeds

Germinating longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seeds typically involves a combination of scarification, stratification, and sowing in a suitable growing medium.

Here are the general steps to germinate longleaf pine seeds:

1. Seed Collection: Collect mature longleaf pine cones during the appropriate season. The cones should be brown and fully mature.

2. Cone Processing: Extract the seeds from the cones by removing the scales. Clean the seeds by removing any debris or remaining parts of the cone.

3. Scarification: Longleaf pine seeds have hard seed coats that need to be scarified to enhance germination. This process involves breaking or weakening the seed coat to allow moisture and gases to penetrate. There are several methods of scarification:

a. Mechanical Scarification: Gently rub the seeds with sandpaper or file them lightly to create small scratches on the seed coat.

b. Hot Water Scarification: Place the seeds in a container and pour hot, but not boiling, water over them. Let them soak for 24 to 48 hours.

c. Acid Scarification: Soak the seeds in a diluted acid solution (such as sulfuric acid) for a short period, usually 5 to 10 minutes. Rinse the seeds thoroughly afterward.

4. Stratification: Longleaf pine seeds require a period of cold stratification to simulate natural winter conditions. This process helps break seed dormancy. Here’s how to stratify the seeds:

a. Moist Stratification: Place the scarified seeds in a container with moist sphagnum moss, vermiculite, or a similar growing medium. Keep the temperature between 33-41°F (1-5°C). Stratification period typically lasts for 30 to 90 days.

b. Cold Stratification: Alternatively, you can directly sow the scarified seeds in pots or a seedbed outdoors during the fall or winter, allowing them to undergo natural cold stratification.

5. Sowing: After the stratification period, sow the scarified seeds in a well-draining, sterile growing medium. Plant them at a depth of about 0.25 to 0.5 inches (0.6-1.3 cm) and maintain a consistent moisture level. Consider using individual pots or containers to prevent root disturbance during transplantation.

6. Germination and Care: Place the pots or containers in a greenhouse or a suitable location with filtered sunlight. Keep the growing medium consistently moist but not waterlogged. Germination typically occurs within 2 to 4 weeks, although it may take longer for some seeds. Provide regular care, including proper watering, sufficient light, and protection from extreme temperatures or pests.

7. Transplantation: Once the seedlings have developed sufficient root systems and reached an appropriate size (usually after a year or two), they can be transplanted into larger containers or directly into the desired planting site.

Remember that longleaf pine seeds have specific germination requirements, and success rates can vary. It’s also essential to ensure the seeds are sourced legally and ethically and comply with any regional regulations or permits related to seed collection and propagation of longleaf pine.

Install Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at Your Site

Install Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at Your Site

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Propagating Whisk-Ferns (Psilotum nudum)

Psilotum nudum (L.)P.Beauv

Propagation of whisk ferns can be achieved through a few methods. Here are three common techniques you can try:

Spore Propagation

– Whisk ferns produce spores on the undersides of their fronds. Look for mature fronds with dark-colored spore cases. The spore cases may look like small bumps or dots.

– Prepare a clean tray or pot with a suitable growing medium, such as a mixture of peat moss and perlite.

– Gently collect the spores by carefully removing the spore cases from the fronds and sprinkling them onto the surface of the growing medium.

– Mist the surface lightly with water and cover the tray or pot with a clear plastic cover or place it inside a clear plastic bag to create a humid environment.

– Place the tray or pot in a warm and well-lit location, but away from direct sunlight.

– Keep the growing medium moist by misting it regularly. After a few weeks, tiny gametophytes (the initial stage of the fern) should appear.

– Continue to care for the gametophytes by providing adequate moisture, light, and ventilation. As they grow, they will develop into the mature fern plants.

Division

– This method is applicable if you already have a mature whisk fern plant.

– Carefully remove the plant from its pot and examine the rhizomes (underground stems) for natural divisions or separate them manually using clean gardening tools.

– Each divided section should have a portion of the rhizome along with a few fronds.

– Plant each divided section into individual pots filled with a suitable potting mix.

– Water the newly potted sections and place them in a warm, well-lit location, but away from direct sunlight.

– Maintain appropriate moisture levels in the soil and provide regular care until the divisions establish themselves as independent plants.

Vegetative Propagation

– Select a healthy frond with attached rhizomes from the parent whisk fern plant. – Make a clean cut at the base of the frond, ensuring that you have a portion of the rhizome.

– Prepare a pot with a suitable growing medium, such as a mixture of peat moss and perlite.

– Plant the cut frond section into the pot, burying the rhizome portion in the growing medium.

– Water the potted section and place it in a warm, well-lit location, away from direct sunlight.

– Maintain appropriate moisture levels in the soil and provide regular care.

Install Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at Your Site

Install Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at Your Site

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Remember that whisk ferns can be delicate, so be gentle during the propagation process. It’s also essential to provide suitable growing conditions, including adequate light, humidity, and water, to ensure successful propagation.

Got Whisk-Ferns?

Hire an Ecologist from Three Psilos, Inc. to help you install Whisk-Ferns, help you propagate your existing Whisk Ferns, and always… help you get the world you’ve always wanted.

Site Ecology Report (for sites up to 40 acres)

Site Ecology Report (for sites up to 40 acres)

Three Psilos, Inc. Site Ecology Reports set the standard for ecological surveys in Central Florida’s xeric uplands.

This Site Ecology Report documents your site’s ecological make-up. You will receive a publication-quality, PDF package including your site’s official ecology report, and access to all Three Psilos, Inc. services for one year.

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What is a Whisk-Fern?

A Whisk Fern, also known as Psilotum nudum, is a unique type of fern that belongs to the family Psilotaceae. Although it is commonly referred to as a fern, it does not possess typical fern-like characteristics such as true leaves or roots. Instead, whisk ferns have unique features that set them apart from other plants.

Botanical Description

  1. Stem: The primary structure of a whisk fern is its above-ground stem, which is typically green and branched. The stem is leafless and dichotomously branching, meaning it repeatedly divides into two equal branches.
  2. Rhizomes: Whisk ferns have underground rhizomes, which are horizontal stems that grow beneath the surface of the soil. These rhizomes are composed of vascular tissue and play a crucial role in nutrient and water absorption.
  3. Leaves: Unlike traditional ferns, whisk ferns lack true leaves. Instead, they possess small, scale-like appendages called enations. These enations are tiny, flat structures that arise in whorls along the stems and branches.
  4. Sporangia: Whisk ferns produce spore-bearing structures known as sporangia. These sporangia are typically clustered at the tips of branches or stems. The sporangia release spores, which are dispersed by wind to initiate reproduction.
  5. Mycorrhizal associations: Whisk ferns form symbiotic relationships with certain fungi, creating mycorrhizal associations. These fungi colonize the underground rhizomes of the whisk fern and assist in nutrient uptake from the soil.
  6. Reproduction: Whisk ferns have a unique reproductive process. They reproduce both through spores produced in the sporangia and through underground rhizomes, which can give rise to new plants.

Overall, the whisk fern’s botanical description showcases its peculiar characteristics, such as the absence of true leaves, the presence of enations, and the reliance on rhizomes for nutrient uptake.

These features distinguish whisk ferns from other ferns and contribute to their fascinating biology.

If you would like Whisk-Fern added to your land, start with a Site Ecology Recommendation:

Site Ecology Recommendation

Site Ecology Recommendation

Three Psilos, Inc. has a mission to restore Central Florida’s xeric upland Sandhill and Scrub communities on the Lake Wales Ridge, and on all the ridges… one day at a time.

We use “Applied Ecology” to help heal the land by introducing, removing, or managing certain species in effort to gain even more of our desired endemic species. If you live on or around the Lake Wales Ridge, or…

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Can Invasive Species Negatively Affect a Property’s Value?

Yes, invasive species can have a negative impact on a property’s value. Invasive species are non-native plants, animals, or pathogens that can cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health. When invasive species establish and spread on a property, they can lead to various problems that can diminish its value. Here are some ways invasive species can negatively affect property value:

1. Ecological damage

Invasive species often outcompete native plants and animals, disrupting the natural balance of an ecosystem. This can result in the degradation of habitats, reduced biodiversity, and ecological imbalances. Such ecological damage can negatively impact the aesthetics and overall appeal of a property, making it less desirable to potential buyers.

Cogongrass Treatment (per 1,000 sq.ft./93 sq.m.)

Cogongrass Treatment (per 1,000 sq.ft./93 sq.m.)

Treatment of your Cogongrass infection, which includes three site visits with hand-applied spot treatments by Florida ecologist.

$50.00
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2. Property damage

Certain invasive species, such as invasive plants or insects, can cause damage to structures, landscaping, and infrastructure. For example, invasive tree species with aggressive root systems may damage foundations, sidewalks, or underground utilities. Invasive insects like termites or carpenter ants can also cause structural damage. These issues can be costly to repair and may deter buyers or decrease property value.

Feral Hog: Trap & Remove

Feral Hog: Trap & Remove

Have an ecologist from Three Psilos, Inc. trap and remove feral hog from your property, under only the highest possible ethical standards. Price is per hog, with a three hog minimum.

$100.00
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3. Reduced land use potential

Invasive species can limit the use and enjoyment of a property. They can overtake agricultural fields, pastures, or recreational areas, making them less productive or suitable for their intended purposes. If a property’s potential for farming, outdoor activities, or other land uses is compromised due to invasive species, its value may decline.

Existing Trail Maintenance (per linear yard)

Existing Trail Maintenance (per linear yard)

Have Three Psilos, Inc. maintain your walking trail or path on the Lake Wales Ridge.

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4. Increased management costs

Dealing with invasive species often requires ongoing management efforts, such as monitoring, control measures, and eradication. These activities can be time-consuming and expensive. Property owners may need to invest in professional services or purchase specialized equipment and treatments to address invasive species infestations. The additional costs of managing invasive species can reduce a property’s value.

Fruiting Brazilian Peppertree - Cut & Treat (per 12 in. of height)

Fruiting Brazilian Peppertree – Cut & Treat (per 12 in. of height)

For the treatment of one fruiting Brazilian Peppertree, per foot of height.

For an eight foot tall Peppertree, you will need a quantity of ‘8’ of this product added to your cart.

 

$15.00
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5. Legal and regulatory implications

In some cases, the presence of invasive species on a property can lead to legal and regulatory issues. Some jurisdictions have laws and regulations that require property owners to control or eradicate invasive species. Failure to comply with these regulations may result in fines or penalties. The legal and regulatory aspects associated with invasive species can complicate property transactions and potentially decrease property value.

It is important to note that the extent of the impact on property value may vary depending on the specific invasive species, their abundance, and the local real estate market conditions. Additionally, proactive management and control of invasive species can help mitigate their negative effects on property value.

Non-Fruiting Brazilian Peppertree - Cut & Treat (per 12 in. of height)

Non-Fruiting Brazilian Peppertree – Cut & Treat (per 12 in. of height)

Treatment for one Brazilian Peppertree, per foot of its height. Includes cutting of all branches at the base, herbicide treatment of the resulting stump, and preparation for removal to landfill. Does not include removal of waste to landfill.

Add the quantity of feet in height of your Brazilian Peppertree to your cart, e.g. a 10 foot tall tree needs a quantify of 10 added to your cart.

$10.00
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Why Does My Dog Chew Grass?

Dogs may chew grass for a variety of reasons, and it’s a relatively common behavior among them. Here are a few possible explanations:

1. Natural instinct: Dogs are descendants of wild canines, and some experts believe that chewing grass is an instinctual behavior inherited from their ancestors. Wild canines would often consume plant matter, including grass, as part of their diet.

2. Nutritional supplementation: Grass contains essential nutrients, such as fiber, chlorophyll, and certain minerals. When dogs feel the need for these nutrients, they may instinctively chew on grass to supplement their diet. However, it’s important to note that grass alone is not sufficient to meet a dog’s complete nutritional requirements.

3. Digestive aid: Dogs sometimes eat grass to induce vomiting. When they have an upset stomach or feel nauseous, they may instinctively consume grass to trigger vomiting, which can provide relief. This behavior may be seen as a self-medication method to alleviate discomfort.

4. Behavioral or psychological reasons: Boredom, anxiety, or curiosity may drive dogs to chew grass. It can serve as a form of mental stimulation or a way to alleviate stress or frustration. Some dogs may simply enjoy the texture and taste of grass.

5. Lack of dietary fiber: Dogs on a commercial diet lacking sufficient fiber content may seek out grass to fulfill their need for fiber, which aids in digestion and maintaining bowel regularity.

6. Taste and texture: Grass can have a pleasant taste and texture for some dogs. They may find it enjoyable to chew on or may be attracted to the smell or texture of certain types of grass.

While occasional grass chewing is generally considered harmless, excessive or persistent grass chewing may be a sign of an underlying issue, such as a dietary deficiency, gastrointestinal problem, or behavioral imbalance. If you’re concerned about your dog’s grass-chewing behavior, it’s always a good idea to consult with a veterinarian for a proper evaluation and guidance.

Install Southern Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) at Your Site

Install Southern Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) at Your Site

Longleaf Pine, American Turkey Oak, and Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) are three of the most important staples in Central Florida’s xeric upland scrub and sandhill habitats. Have Three Psilos, Inc. install Wiregrass at your site.

$25.00
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What is Applied Ecology?

Applied ecology is a branch of ecology that focuses on the practical application of ecological principles and knowledge to address real-world environmental issues and challenges. It involves using ecological science to develop strategies and solutions for conservation, management, and restoration of ecosystems, as well as the sustainable use of natural resources.

Applied ecologists work at the interface of science, policy, and management, applying ecological concepts and methods to solve specific problems. They collaborate with stakeholders, including government agencies, non-profit organizations, industries, and communities, to address issues related to biodiversity conservation, habitat restoration, land and water management, pollution control, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Site Ecology Report (for sites up to 40 acres)

Site Ecology Report (for sites up to 40 acres)

Three Psilos, Inc. Site Ecology Reports set the standard for ecological surveys in Central Florida’s xeric uplands.

This Site Ecology Report documents your site’s ecological make-up. You will receive a publication-quality, PDF package including your site’s official ecology report, and access to all Three Psilos, Inc. services for one year.

$240.00
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Some examples of applied ecological research and practices include:

  1. Conservation Biology: Applied ecologists study endangered species, design and implement conservation plans, assess the impacts of human activities on ecosystems, and develop strategies to protect and restore biodiversity.
  2. Ecosystem Management: They work to manage and restore ecosystems by studying the relationships between species, understanding the effects of disturbances (such as fire or invasive species), and developing management plans to maintain ecosystem health and resilience.
  3. Restoration Ecology: Applied ecologists use ecological knowledge to restore degraded or damaged ecosystems, such as wetlands, forests, or coral reefs, by implementing appropriate restoration techniques and monitoring the success of restoration efforts.
  4. Sustainable Resource Management: They assess the sustainable use of natural resources, such as fisheries, forests, and water sources, to ensure their long-term viability while considering social, economic, and ecological factors.
  5. Environmental Impact Assessment: Applied ecologists contribute to assessing the potential environmental impacts of development projects, infrastructure initiatives, or policy decisions, providing recommendations to minimize or mitigate negative ecological consequences.
  6. Climate Change Adaptation: They study the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and species, develop adaptation strategies for vulnerable habitats and species, and promote the integration of climate change considerations into land and resource management plans.

Applied ecology plays a critical role in bridging the gap between scientific understanding and practical environmental management. By applying ecological principles and research findings, it aims to promote sustainable practices, protect biodiversity, and address environmental challenges for the benefit of both ecosystems and human well-being.

Site Ecology Recommendation

Site Ecology Recommendation

Three Psilos, Inc. has a mission to restore Central Florida’s xeric upland Sandhill and Scrub communities on the Lake Wales Ridge, and on all the ridges… one day at a time.

We use “Applied Ecology” to help heal the land by introducing, removing, or managing certain species in effort to gain even more of our desired endemic species. If you live on or around the Lake Wales Ridge, or…

$80.00
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What is Ecology?

Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It focuses on understanding the interactions between living organisms (such as plants, animals, and microorganisms) and their physical surroundings, including the abiotic (non-living) components of the environment like air, water, soil, and climate.

Ecology seeks to understand how organisms interact with each other and with their environment, as well as how these interactions influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of organisms. It explores various levels of biological organization, ranging from individuals and populations to communities and ecosystems.

Ecologists study a wide range of topics, including:

  1. Biotic Interactions: Examining how organisms interact with other organisms in their environment, such as predator-prey relationships, competition for resources, mutualistic partnerships, and the dynamics of food webs.
  2. Abiotic Factors: Investigating the impact of physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, rainfall, soil composition, and nutrient availability, on the distribution and behavior of organisms.
  3. Population Dynamics: Analyzing the factors that influence the size, growth, and movement of populations, including birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, and the effects of environmental changes.
  4. Community Ecology: Studying the interactions between multiple species in a given area and the processes that shape community structure, species diversity, and species interactions.
  5. Ecosystems: Investigating the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients within ecological systems, as well as the structure and function of ecosystems and the services they provide, such as carbon sequestration, water purification, and habitat provision.

Ecology is essential for understanding the complexities of our natural world and the interconnectedness of living organisms with their environment. It plays a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges, conserving biodiversity, and promoting sustainable practices for the well-being of both ecosystems and human society.

Site Ecology Report for Large Sites (per 100 acres)

Site Ecology Report for Large Sites (per 100 acres)

Three Psilos, Inc. Site Ecology Reports set the standard for ecological surveys in Central Florida’s xeric uplands.

This Site Ecology Report documents your site’s ecological make-up. You will receive a publication-quality, PDF package including your site’s official ecology report, and access to all Three Psilos, Inc. services for one year.

$720.00
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What are the Healthiest Ways to Deal With a Tragic Loss?

Dealing with a tragic loss is an incredibly difficult and deeply personal experience. While there is no one-size-fits-all approach to grieving, here are some generally healthy ways to cope with the loss:

1. Allow yourself to grieve

It’s important to acknowledge and express your emotions. Give yourself permission to cry, feel angry, or experience any other emotions that arise. Suppressing your feelings can prolong the healing process.

2. Seek support

Surround yourself with supportive friends, family members, or a support group. Talking about your feelings with others who have gone through similar experiences can provide comfort and a sense of understanding.

Existing Trail Maintenance (per linear yard)

Existing Trail Maintenance (per linear yard)

Have Three Psilos, Inc. maintain your walking trail or path on the Lake Wales Ridge.

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3. Take care of your physical health

Grief can take a toll on your physical well-being. Make sure to eat nutritious meals, engage in regular exercise, and get enough sleep. Physical activity can help alleviate stress and release endorphins, which can improve your mood.

4. Practice self-care

Engage in activities that bring you comfort and solace. This might include taking walks in nature, practicing meditation or deep breathing exercises, writing in a journal, or engaging in hobbies you enjoy. Self-care allows you to focus on your well-being and provides a healthy distraction from grief.

5. Seek professional help if needed

If you find it difficult to cope with your loss or experience prolonged and intense grief, consider reaching out to a mental health professional. They can provide guidance, support, and techniques to help you navigate the grieving process.

Site Ecology Report (for sites up to 40 acres)

Site Ecology Report (for sites up to 40 acres)

Three Psilos, Inc. Site Ecology Reports set the standard for ecological surveys in Central Florida’s xeric uplands.

This Site Ecology Report documents your site’s ecological make-up. You will receive a publication-quality, PDF package including your site’s official ecology report, and access to all Three Psilos, Inc. services for one year.

$240.00
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6. Be patient with yourself

Healing takes time, and everyone’s grief journey is different. Avoid putting pressure on yourself to “get over” the loss quickly. Allow yourself to grieve at your own pace and be patient with the healing process.

7. Honor the memory of your loved one

Find ways to honor and remember the person you have lost. This might involve engaging in activities or causes they were passionate about, planting a tree, sharing stories and memories with others, or visiting a memorial garden.

Install Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at Your Site

Install Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at Your Site

Have a Florida ecologist germinate, hand-rear, and install an endangered Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at your site.

$100.00
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Remember, there is no right or wrong way to grieve. Allow yourself to go through the process in a way that feels authentic and healing to you.

Remove Ad Hoc Memorial from Public Land

Remove Ad Hoc Memorial from Public Land

Removal of an ad hoc memorial on a roadway easement in Polk or Highlands County Florida.

$99.95
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Roadside Ad Hoc Memorials

What is an Ad Hoc Memorial?

An ad hoc memorial is a temporary or makeshift memorial that is created spontaneously in response to a particular event or tragedy. The term “ad hoc” is derived from Latin and means “for this purpose.” Ad hoc memorials are typically set up by individuals to honor the memory of someone who has passed away, to commemorate a significant event, or to express solidarity and support in the wake of a tragedy. Financial limitations might make a trip to a cemetery or other place of mourning out of reach.

These memorials often consist of a collection of personal items, such as flowers, candles, photographs, handwritten notes, and other symbolic objects, which are placed at a specific location associated with the event or the person being remembered. Sometimes large and heavy crucifixes or other religious artifacts are erected. Ad hoc memorials can be found in public spaces such as roadsides, parks, street corners, or outside buildings, depending on the context.

Are Roadside Ad Hoc Memorials Safe?

Roadside ad hoc memorials can potentially pose safety risks if they are not properly managed or if they obstruct the visibility of drivers or pedestrians. Here are a few considerations regarding the safety aspects of roadside ad hoc memorials:

1. Distraction: Elaborate or visually overwhelming memorials that capture significant attention from passing motorists can potentially lead to distraction, which may increase the risk of accidents. Drivers may be tempted to take their eyes off the road to read signs, view photographs, or observe the memorial, diverting their attention from the traffic ahead.

2. Impaired visibility: If a memorial is placed too close to the road or extends into the path of vehicles or pedestrians, it can impede visibility and create hazards. Objects that obstruct sightlines may prevent drivers from seeing oncoming traffic, pedestrians, or road signs, compromising safety.

3. Traffic flow disruption: Large or sprawling memorials can encroach upon the roadway or sidewalks, disrupting the flow of traffic or impeding the movement of pedestrians. This can lead to congestion, confusion, or potential conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians.

4. Maintenance and decay: Over time, ad hoc memorials may deteriorate, especially when exposed to weather conditions. Items such as wilted flowers, tattered ribbons, or loose objects can become roadside debris, posing risks to road users or becoming a source of litter.

To mitigate these risks, authorities in Florida have outlawed Ad Hoc Memorials, but allow a special Drive Safely roadsign to be installed in a safe location when paid for by the grieving families.

By striking a balance between preserving the sentiment of the memorial and ensuring public safety, it is possible to reduce potential dangers associated with roadside ad hoc memorials.

Remove Ad Hoc Memorial from Public Land

Remove Ad Hoc Memorial from Public Land

Removal of an ad hoc memorial on a roadway easement in Polk or Highlands County Florida.

$99.95
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What is the Most Important Tree of the United States Southeastern Forest?

The southeastern region of the United States is home to a rich variety of trees, each playing a significant role in the ecosystem. While it’s challenging to single out one tree as the most important, the Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) stands out as an iconic and ecologically significant species in the southeastern forest.

The Longleaf Pine historically dominated large areas of the southeastern coastal plain, stretching from Virginia to Texas. These trees can grow up to 100 feet tall and have long needles that give them their name. Here are some reasons why the longleaf pine is considered important:

  1. Biodiversity: The longleaf pine ecosystem supports one of the highest levels of biodiversity in North America, providing habitats for numerous plant and animal species. It supports a wide range of wildlife, including the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker and the gopher tortoise.
  2. Fire Adaptation: Longleaf pines have adapted to frequent natural fires. Fire is crucial for the regeneration of the longleaf pine ecosystem, as it removes competing vegetation and allows young longleaf pines to establish themselves. Many native plants and animals are also adapted to fire-dependent ecosystems.
  3. Ecosystem Services: Longleaf pines provide valuable ecosystem services. They help purify the air by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, contribute to soil stability, and help maintain water quality by filtering and regulating water flow.
  4. Timber Industry: Historically, longleaf pine forests played a crucial role in the timber industry of the southeastern United States. The high-quality wood of longleaf pine is highly valued for its strength and durability and has been used in construction, shipbuilding, and other applications.
  5. Restoration Efforts: Due to logging and land conversion, the longleaf pine ecosystem has significantly declined. However, restoration efforts are underway to protect and restore these forests. Many organizations and landowners are actively involved in reestablishing longleaf pine stands and supporting the associated biodiversity.

While the longleaf pine is a notable and ecologically significant tree in the southeastern forest, it’s important to recognize that all the trees in the region contribute to the overall health and balance of the ecosystem.

Install Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at Your Site

Install Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at Your Site

Have a Florida ecologist germinate, hand-rear, and install an endangered Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) at your site.

$100.00
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What is Ziziphus Parryi?

Ziziphus parryi is a synonym for the plant species Condalia mexicana, which is a shrub or small tree that belongs to the family Rhamnaceae. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, and is commonly known as Mexican holly or bluewood condalia.The plant typically grows to be 10-20 feet tall and is notable for its thorny branches and attractive, blue-gray foliage. It produces small, berry-like fruit that is edible and is sometimes used in local cuisines or made into jams and jellies. The plant is also valued for its ornamental qualities and is sometimes grown as a landscape plant.In traditional medicine, various parts of Condalia mexicana have been used for their medicinal properties. For example, the bark and roots of the plant have been used to treat various ailments, such as fever, diarrhea, and sore throat. The plant has also been studied for its potential use in the pharmaceutical industry.

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum™ is a gorgeous new ornamental in the Rose family which flowers profusely in early spring, producing many small, edible fruits by mid-summer. Tortoise Plum™ has been specifically developed to support the endangered Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus) of North America.

$39.99
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What is Parry’s Jujube?

Ziziphus parryi is known as “Parry’s Jujube” and is a synonym of Condalia parryi, a small shrub or tree species in the family Rhamnaceae that is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is also known by the common names “Parry’s condalia,” “silver holly,” and “Arizona holly.”

Pseudoziziphus Parryi is genetically related to the Florida Jujube aka Scrub Ziziphus aka Ziziphus Celata aka Condalia Celata aka Scrub Jujube aka Pseudoziziphus Celata.

Condalia parryi is notable for its attractive, silver-gray foliage and thorny branches. It produces small, berry-like fruit that is edible and is sometimes used in local cuisines or made into jams and jellies. The plant is also valued for its ornamental qualities and is sometimes grown as a landscape plant.

In traditional medicine, various parts of Condalia parryi have been used for their medicinal properties. For example, the bark and roots of the plant have been used to treat various ailments, such as fever, diarrhea, and sore throat. The plant has also been studied for its potential use in the pharmaceutical industry.

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum™ is a gorgeous new ornamental in the Rose family which flowers profusely in early spring, producing many small, edible fruits by mid-summer. Tortoise Plum™ has been specifically developed to support the endangered Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus) of North America.

$39.99
Shop now

What is ‘Ziziphus Parryi’?

Ziziphus parryi is a synonym of Condalia parryi, a small shrub or tree species in the family Rhamnaceae that is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is also known by the common names “Parry’s Condalia,” “Parry’s Jujube,” “silver holly,” and “Arizona holly.”

Condalia parryi is notable for its attractive, silver-gray foliage and thorny branches. It produces small, berry-like fruit that is edible and is sometimes used in local cuisines or made into jams and jellies. The plant is also valued for its ornamental qualities and is sometimes grown as a landscape plant.

In traditional medicine, various parts of Condalia parryi have been used for their medicinal properties. For example, the bark and roots of the plant have been used to treat various ailments, such as fever, diarrhea, and sore throat. The plant has also been studied for its potential use in the pharmaceutical industry.

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum™ is a gorgeous new ornamental in the Rose family which flowers profusely in early spring, producing many small, edible fruits by mid-summer. Tortoise Plum™ has been specifically developed to support the endangered Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus) of North America.

$39.99
Shop now

What is ‘Pseudoziziphus’?

Pseudoziziphus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rhamnaceae. The genus contains at least one species, Pseudoziziphus schimperiana, which is commonly known as the “false jujube” or “Ethiopian jujube.”

Pseudoziziphus schimperiana is a small tree that is native to East Africa and produces small, edible fruit that is similar in taste to the true jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba). The fruit is used in local cuisines and has also been studied for its potential use in the pharmaceutical industry. The tree is also valued for its timber and is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant.

Despite its name, the false jujube is not closely related to the true jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), which belongs to a different genus within the same family. However, both plants share similar fruit characteristics and are sometimes referred to interchangeably in the local markets.

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum™ is a gorgeous new ornamental in the Rose family which flowers profusely in early spring, producing many small, edible fruits by mid-summer. Tortoise Plum™ has been specifically developed to support the endangered Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus) of North America.

$39.99
Shop now

Is There a Plant Named ‘Florida Ziziphus’?

There is no plant species known as “Florida ziziphus”.

The genus Ziziphus, commonly known as jujube, is a group of plants that includes around 40 species of trees and shrubs in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). Some species of Ziziphus are commonly grown for their edible fruit, which is also known as jujube. However, there is no species of Ziziphus that is native to Florida.

There are some other plants that are commonly referred to as “Florida jujube” or “Florida ziziphus”, but these are not true members of the Ziziphus genus. One such plant is the Indian jujube (Eugenia jambolana), which is a tropical tree that is sometimes grown in Florida for its fruit. Another is the Florida ziziphus (Condalia hookeri), which is a small tree or shrub in the buckthorn family that is native to the southeastern United States. However, neither of these plants is a true member of the Ziziphus genus.

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum (1 Gal)

Tortoise Plum™ is a gorgeous new ornamental in the Rose family which flowers profusely in early spring, producing many small, edible fruits by mid-summer. Tortoise Plum™ has been specifically developed to support the endangered Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus) of North America.

$39.99
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A Case of Mistaken Identity for a Rare Florida Shrub

Summary: Through simple, phytomorphological comparison, it can be proven that at least two of the original population of “Florida Jujube” shrubs, found in Polk County in 1987, are in fact Parry’s Jujube (Pseudoziziphus Parryi), likely transplanted from the California Chaparral in the early twentieth century.

Three Psilos, Inc. has proven that at least two of the original population of what have been identified as “Florida Jujube” shrubs, are actually Parry’s Jujube (Pseudoziziphus Parryi).

Using observable, physical traits, that anyone could themselves observe, the evidence is clear that “Florida Jujube” shrubs numbered #22 and #23 are indeed “Parry’s Jujube.”

What Are The Differences?

To determine the species of Pseudoziziphus shrub numbers #22 and #23 requires a comparison of the official description of each P. celata and P. parryi, and itemizing the differences. Not as simple as it sounds.

Let’s start with the official, full descriptions from the Flora of North America (FNA), specifically volume 12 for family Rhamnaceae.

Full Descriptions

Pseudoziziphus celata

FNA | Family List | FNA Vol. 12 | Rhamnaceae 4. Ziziphus celata Judd & D. W. Hall, Rhodora. 86: 382, fig. 1. 1984. [C E] Florida jujube Florida jujube

Condalia celata (Judd & D. W. Hall) M. B. Islam

Shrubs or small trees, 1–2 m; secondary branches gray, not pruinose, glabrous, thorn-tipped, axillary thorns solitary or paired and unequal, with 1–3 nodes, bearing several short shoots and often small tertiary thorns; stipular spines absent. Leaves deciduous, alternate, sometimes fascicled; blade dark green, oblong-elliptic to elliptic-ovate or elliptic-obovate, 0.5–1 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate to slightly attenuate, margins entire, apex rounded to shallowly emarginate, surfaces glabrous; 1-veined. Inflorescences fascicles on short shoots, 2–4-flowered, or flowers solitary. Flowers: hypanthium and sepals greenish; petals white. Drupes yellow, orange, or brownish, globose to ovoid or oblong, 10 mm.

Flowering Mar–Apr. White sand, pastures on former sand hills, Turkey oak and oak-hickory scrub; of conservation concern; 100 m; Fla.

Pseudoziziphus parryi

FNA | Family List | FNA Vol. 12 | Rhamnaceae 3. Ziziphus parryi Torrey in W. H. Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 46. 1859. (as Zizyphus). Parry’s jujube or abrojo, California crucillo, lotebush Parry’s jujube or abrojo, California crucillo, lotebush

Condalia parryi (Torrey) Weberbauer; Condalia parryi var. microphylla I. M. Johnston; Condaliopsis parryi (Torrey) Suessenguth; Ziziphus parryi var. microphylla (I. M. Johnston) M. C. Johnston

Shrubs, 1–4 m; secondary branches pale greenish yellow to purplish, not pruinose, glabrous, thorn-tipped, axillary thorns solitary, with 0–1 nodes, without tertiary thorns, stipular spines absent. Leaves deciduous, alternate, sometimes fascicled; blades olive green, elliptic to obovate, 1–2.5(–3) cm, herbaceous, base obtuse to rounded, margins entire, apex rounded to cuneate or shallowly emarginate, surfaces glabrous; 1-veined. Inflorescences usually fascicles, 2–5-flowered, rarely flowers solitary. Flowers: hypanthium and sepals purplish to greenish; petals white. Drupes brownish to orange or purplish brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, 10–20(–25) mm.

Flowering (Feb–)Mar–May. Chaparral, pinyon-juniper woodlands, rocky washes and arroyos, hill slopes; 600–1000(–1600) m; Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).

Differences

To simplify, lets consider only those morphological differences for the two species when flowers are not present and when leaf growth is at its maximum; in other words, at the end of the growing season. This is right before all the leaves fall off, or late August in the region southeast of Frostproof, which is the Florida city nearest the original population.

To assist, let’s color those traits which are identical in green, those traits which differ in red. If traits are different words describing essentially the same thing, we will leave those as black; e.g. ‘dark green’ and ‘olive green’ are effectively the same.

Pseudoziziphus celata: Shrubs or small trees, 1–2 m; secondary branches gray, not pruinose, glabrous, thorn-tipped, axillary thorns solitary or paired and unequal, with 1–3 nodes, bearing several short shoots and often small tertiary thorns; stipular spines absent. Leaves deciduous, alternate, sometimes fascicled; blade dark green, oblong-elliptic to elliptic-ovate or elliptic-obovate, 0.5–1 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate to slightly attenuate, margins entire, apex rounded to shallowly emarginate, surfaces glabrous; 1-veined.

Pseudoziziphus parryi: Shrubs, 1–4 m; secondary branches pale greenish yellow to purplish, not pruinose, glabrous, thorn-tipped, axillary thorns solitary, with 0–1 nodes, without tertiary thorns, stipular spines absent. Leaves deciduous, alternate, sometimes fascicled; blades olive green, elliptic to obovate, 1–2.5(–3) cm, herbaceous, base obtuse to rounded, margins entire, apex rounded to cuneate or shallowly emarginate, surfaces glabrous; 1-veined.

These descriptions are surprisingly similar; the “Florida Jujube” seems to be simply a lightly-edited version of “Parry’s Jujube.” Parry’s Jujube was easily found in the California chaparral as part of a survey after the Mexican war (Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] Volume 2, part 1, Botany, 1859 [1-20 Apr 1859]).

Polk Population Traits

Pseudoziziphus species #22 and #23 found in the original Polk county population both currently exhibit the following physical traits:

  • Leaves to 3cm
  • No tertiary thorns
  • Secondary branches purplish-brown
  • One node on secondary branches (sometimes 2)

These traits identify Pseudoziziphus parryi, and disqualify Pseudoziziphus celata.

This obovate leaf is clearly greater than 3cm. This alone disqualifies shrubs #22 and #23 as Pseudoziziphus celata, which has been described as having leaves up to only 1cm. Even without petiole, this leaf is greater than 2cm. Its secondary branch, as many around it, having only one node. Secondary branch above ruler, however, appears to have three nodes. It is suspected some of these drop off by the next season.
This obcordate leaf is exactly 2.8cm with petiole, 2.4cm without. These large leaves are plentiful on numbers #22 and #23. Note the absence of tertiary thorns.
Axillary thorn becomes secondary branch, and is more purple than gray. Multiple leaves well over 2cm; and even greater than 1cm wide.

Video Hike to #22 & #23

An unedited, head-mounted action video of the hike through the scrubs to the site of the original Polk county Florida Pseudoziziphus population, which seems reduced to only these two, neighbor shrubs #22 and #23. Includes footage of the photographs as they were taken.

Conclusion

It is clear to anyone who visits the scrubs themselves, that the Ziziphus bushes found in Polk county in the late 1980s now definitely display traits of Parry’s Jujube, even if the traits observed in the late 1980’s were different than today. Further, the original Pseudoziziphus shrubs #22 and #23 look nothing like those being developed by Bok Gardens and/or Archbold Biological Station.

Three Psilos, Inc. does agree, however, that Parry’s Jujube is good for Florida’s wildlife. This list of supported wildlife includes Bobwhite Quail and other birds, Gopher Tortoises, White-tailed Deer, small mammals, and various reptiles and insects.

We believe “False Jujubes” (Pseudoziziphus) can be naturalized into the Florida scrubs, the Texas shrublands, the California chaparral, and any part of Northern Mexico. We further believe that everyone who wants a “False Jujube” should have one. Certainly, every Gopher Tortoise should have a Pseudoziziphus near its burrow, across all of the southern United States and northern Mexico… from ocean to ocean.

With Three Psilos, Inc., you can get the world you’ve always wanted.

Goldenaster (Chrysopsis) Species of the Lake Wales Ridge

Goldenaster (or golden aster) is a common name for yellow, perennial flowers of the Sunflower family (Asteracea).

Goldenaster is also the common name for any species in the Chrysopsis genus.

CHRYSOPSIS (Nuttall) Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2: 333. 1823, nom. cons. vs. Diplopappus Cassini 1817, et vs. Diplogon Rafinesque 1819.

Full Citation for Chrysopsis

Of all species of Goldenaster, those that can be found on the Lake Wales Ridge are:

Chrysopsis delaneyi DELANEY’S
Chrysopsis highlandsensis HIGHLANDS
Chrysopsis latisquamea PINELAND
Chrysopsis linearifolia subsp. dressii DRESS’
Chrysopsis mariana MARYLAND
Chrysopsis scabrella COASTALPLAIN
Chrysopsis subulata SCRUBLAND

Silkgrass (Pityopsis) Species of the Lake Wales Ridge

Pityopsis is a genus of grass-leaved goldenasters which has suffered many taxonomic challenges. Central Florida is the center of diversity for the genus, which only adds to the difficulties in identification.

These challenges are a result of a lack of recognition of fire-adaptations, along with hybridization between species across the range of the Lake Wales Ridge.

This, combined with a tendency to lump all species into Pityopsis graminifolia Michx. Nutt., has led to the problems in the proper identification of Pityopsis in Central Florida.

Pityopsis in the Lake Wales Ridge State Forest.

The most recent taxonomic changes for Pityopsis has proposed three species that are endemic to peninsular Florida: Pityopsis aequilifolia, P. microcephala, and P. tracii. These plus P. graminifolia and P. latifolia make up the five species found in Florida.

P. graminifolia was only found once in Lake county, otherwise it is found in the northwest of the state. P. latifolia is endemic to South Florida, and will not be found in Central Florida.

That means only three Pityopsis species will be observed on the Lake Wales Ridge: P. aequifolia, P. microcephela, and P. tracii.

Identifying Pityopsis

While never perfect and complete, an identification key has been provided which should produce the correct species per the latest taxonomic revision. It will require a ruler for measurement of the various anatomical parts which make up most of the characteristics of the species.

1. Basal Leaves

The first and most important identifying characteristic of Silkgrass is the basal leaves, or those leaves closes to the roots. Therefore, step one is to make note of basal leaf size and shape.

Essentially, if the basal leaves are similar in size and shape to the stem leaves, you have either P. aequifolia or P. latifolia. Since P. latifolia is endemic to South Florida, you will probably have P. aequifolia.

Alternately, if the basal leaves are much longer than the stem leaves, and the middle leaves are larger than the stem leaves, you have either P. tracyi, P. graminifolia, or P. microcephela. Again, P. graminifolia is not normally found in Central Florida, so it can usually be ruled out.

Measuring with a ruler is best, however digital images can still be used to identify. The basal leaves and the stem leaves must be in focus, and show relative scale. It must be clear that the basal leaves are the same size, or larger than the stem or even middle leaves.

Without the relative basal leaf size, genus Pityopsis is the closest a digital photo will be able to achieve.

2. Involcures

Involcures are not quite leaves, and not quite flowers. Simply put, involcures are rings of bracts. Bracts are modified or specialized leaves, usually associated with flowers. Goldenasters have rings of bracts between the florets and the stem. These are the second most important identifying characteristic of Pityopsis.

The length of the involcures is the critical element. The involcures will either be short (5-8mm), medium (8-12mm) or long (12-14mm).

Basal leaves and involcures are still not enough to accurately identify any given Silkgrass in Florida. For example, P. aequifolia has involcure length between 5 and 8mm whereas P. latifolia have involcures between 8 and 12mm. That means either P. latifolia or P. aequifolia can have involcure lengths of 8mm.

3. Florets

The next most important identifying characteristic of Pityopsis are florets. Goldenasters are technically not a flower, but clusters of many smaller flowers, called florets.

Goldenasters have two kinds of florets. Disc florets and ray florets. The disc floret is the center of the flower, and the ray floret make up the parts that look like petals around the center.

Goldenaster on the Lake Wales Ridge; disc floret in the center, surrounded by 13 ray florets like petals.

Therefore, the number of flowers that make up the disc and ray florets is the third most important characteristic.

Even still, basal leaf size and shape, involcure size, and floret count is still not enough to identify each species of Pityopsis in Florida. There is still one remaining characteristic.

4. Phyllaries

Phyllaries are leaflets which make up involcures. These leaflets can either have hairy glands not. This will help determine between P. graminifolia and P. microcephela.

P. graminifolia will have fine hairs tipped with glands on their phylarries. P. microcephela will have none, or very few.

Of the two, Central Florida and the Lake Wales Ridge will have P. microcephela, which are without glands.

Identification Key

KEY TO PITYOPSIS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN PENINSULAR FLORIDA

1 . Basal leaves similar in size and shape to stem leaves, the stem leaves not noticeably reduced upward; middle and up-
per stem leaves ascending to somewhat spreading,
2. Involucres 5-8 mm high; disc florets 15-29; stem leaves dense, stiff and sharply pointedP. aequifolia
2. Involucres 8-12 mm high; disc florets > 30; stem leaves few, soft and obtuse or slightly acuteP. latifolia
1 . Basal leaves much longer than the stem leaves; stem leaves strongly reduced upward, the upper stem leaves much
smaller than middle stem leaves, appressed to the stem or near
3. Involucres 12-14 mm high; disc florets > 30; ray florets 13-25; flowering plants robust, often 50-100 cm tall; largest
basal leaves on sterile shoots 15-30 cm long, 5-10 mm wide		P. tracyi
3. Involucres 5-8 mm high; disc florets 15-29; ray florets 5-12; flowering plants more delicate, usually less than 50 cm
tall; largest basal leaves on sterile shoots 10-25 cm long, 1-3 mm wide; largest stem leaves 2-6 cm long, 1-3 mm
4. Inner phyllaries densely stipitate-glandular, at least distallyP. graminifolia
4. Inner phyllaries eglandular to sparsely glandularP. microcephala

Glossary

acute: leaf ending in a sharp point

appressed: pressed close to or lying flat against

basal: being close to the root

bract: modified or specialized leaf, usually associated with/below flowers

disc floret: cluster of flowers in the center of a goldenaster, surrounded by ray florets

distally: farthest from a point of reference

eglandular: having no glands

floret: flower cluster made up of many smaller flowers

goldenaster: common name for certain yellow flowers in the aster family

involucre: one or more whorls of bracts situated below and close to a flower

obtuse: leaf rounded at the free end

phyllaris: one of the leaflets forming the involucre of composite flowers

ray floret: clusters of flowers making up the “petals” around the disc floret

sterile: part enveloping the flower (perianth) which is neither male nor female

stipitate: having a stalk (stipe)

stipitate-glandular: hairlike stalk with a gland at the end

whorl: a ring of similar anatomical parts in a circle around a point on an axis

References

Weakley, A. S., Poindexter, D. B., LeBlond, R. J., Sorrie, B. A., Bridges, E. L., Orzell, S. L., Franck, A. R., Schori, M., Keener, B. R., Diamond, A. R., Floden, A. J., & Noyes, R. D. (2018). NEW COMBINATIONS, RANK CHANGES, AND NOMENCLATURAL AND TAXONOMIC COMMENTS IN THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. III. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 12(1), 27–67. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44858905

The 14 Oak Species of the Lake Wales Ridge

An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family, Fagaceae.

The Florida oaks fall into two sections of subgenus Quercus: section Lobatae (the red oaks) and section Quercus (the white oaks).

For our purposes, those oak species found on the Lake Wales Ridge will be defined as those with herbarium specimens vouchered in Polk and Highlands counties in the USF Atlas of Vascular Plants.

Those oaks are the thirteen following species and one hybrid, in order as found in the USF Quercus genus identification key:

https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=1031

The identification key is based on morphological differences in general, and is not a perfect identification system for Florida oaks. While it can be fairly straightforward to identify oak trees, sometimes we just have to make our best guess.

Hybrids happen regularly on the Lake Wales Ridge and will be more difficult to identify. One official hybrid of the Lake Wales Ridge has been added to the end of the list.

Red Oaks (section Lobatae) of the Lake Wales Ridge

Red oaks typically have more acute-tipped buds, awned or bristled leaf blades, and more bitter or astringent acorns that mature in the second year after flowering.

1. Quercus falcata

Known as Spanish Oak and Southern Red Oak, this rare species to Polk county is not vouchered in Highlands county. Many believe it does not occur at all in Polk county. The Lake Wales Ridge is the very southern edge of Q. falcata‘s range. It likes to hybridize with other red oaks, making identification more difficult. Nevertheless, it can be found, and has been vouchered in the herbarium, so its on our list.

4. Bark with rough ridges; base of leaf blade typically U-shaped; leaf blade lobes 3-7

Q. falcata identification key
Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata) as observed in Alachua County, FL, USA. Note U-shaped base of leaf.

In Polk County, on the Lake Wales Ridge, Southern Red Oaks seem to hybridize with other red oaks, and can be confused with Quercus x Asheana or even Q. laevis.

Quercus Falcata herbarium specimen from Polk County, possibly hybridized with Q. laevis.

Chaparral

F. P. Cronemiller

Chaparral is a term commonly used in California for the dense brushfields of the Upper Sonoran life zone. This cover type is similar to the macchie and garique of the Mediterranean region and is a product of the set of climatic conditions peculiar to these areas. Its shrubby components have been termed quite accurately broad sclerophyll vegetation. The purpose of this paper is to give a chronicle of the derivation of the term “chaparral” and to encourage its use and adaptation by the technician.

Chaparral evolved from chabarra, the Basque word for a scrub oak of the Pyrenes. The Spaniard adapted it to ” dwarf evergreen oak” and spelled it chaparro. He did not develop the word “chaparral,” however, as he used the term “garique” for the cover type composed of this and species of similar growth. On his arrival in the New World he was faced with a tremendous job of inventing place names. The vast number of saints furnished an abundance of names for important places, while descriptive terms were given those of secondary importance. The convenient suffix -al, meaning “place of,” naturally was often used. Pinal, alisal, sausal, designated pine groves, sycamore flats, and willow thickets. For the cover types of dense evergreen scrub oaks, chaparral was invented. Quickly the term came to be applied to similar cover types, and this is its usage today. Colloquially it has been applied to individual species such as one of the Acacia species in Mexico and to Ceanothus cuneatus in California. Generally the proper meaning has adhered: a place (cover type) of evergreen shrubs or dwarf trees.

In addition to the chaparral the Spanish Californian used a term, chamiso (or chamisal), to designate open brush areas composed of small shrubs. The original term, chamiza, meant simply “kindling wood.” It is not certain that he ever got entirely away from this connotation, but the vaquero used it in opposition to chaparral. To him chaparral was that kind of brush one could not ride a horse through; through camiso or chamisal, one could. Californians have anglicized the word to “chamise” and applied it to but a single species, Adenostoma fasiculatum. In New Mexico, chamiso refers to Atriplex canescnens, and in Mexico to other species and types. It would appear that the term “chamise” is hardly tenable, although widely used by the layman and some technicians.

Chaparral is without a doubt a needed word; it is in general use, and is recognized by Webster and other lexicographers. The technician should not hesitate to use it.

United States Forest Service

San Fransisco, California

February 25, 1942

Site Ecology

Three Psilos, Inc. offers ecological services for Central Florida’s very unique upland habitats. These are sandhills, scrubs, flatwoods, hammocks, and many more. The variety of species of plant and animal available to us across Florida’s interior ridges is unparalleled anywhere in the world.

Ecology Defined

Ecology, simply, is the “interconnected-ness” of a site. As a small example, to have Monarch Butterflies, a site would have to have multiple species of Milkweed (Asclepias) available. Milkweed is the Larval Host Plant for Monarch Butterflies. To put it simply, Monarchs can’t lay eggs without Milkweed. Therefore, addition of native Milkweed species, which are appropriate for your site, will, sooner rather than later, attract Monarch Butterflies.

If we change the various species at a site, the overall ecology changes. If all native plants are removed in the process of setting up a cattle grazing site, and non-native grasses are installed to better feed the cattle, it may leave nothing for native species. Native animals that don’t have access to the plants and insects they have depended on for literally thousands of years, will eventually be exterminated. A cattle grazing field will likely not contain any remaining Gopher Tortoises after enough time. To make matters worse, the tortoises cannot just be placed in the field of non-native grasses. The ecology must be complete first. The expected native plants will need to be reintroduced at the site before reintroduction of displaced Gopher Tortoises.

This is ecology, and more specifically this is the concept of Applied Ecology. Using what we know about the interconnection of Central Florida plants and animals to support what you want for your site.

Ecological Support and Services

Getting ecological support for Central Florida sites has traditionally require landowners to work with state biologists and experts to schedule time to make a site visit, prepare a land management plan, and finally sign a landowner agreement, or a conservation easement, which gives state agencies recurrent access to your land, then finally find services to support your site. This process can take months and even years to complete, as is expected of government agencies. In the end, it may seem the arrangement only truly benefits the government agencies who receive federal grant dollars to support your site with their services. Why can’t those federal dollars go directly to the landowners as reward for doing what is right for Florida’s ecology? We believe one day, they will.

Further, state agencies may only have time for those “big ticket” projects, which may be sites with thousands of acres. These sites will have larger amounts of money behind them to support the state agency. Therefore, state agencies will not likely be interested in only a few acres. Especially when those few acres may be surrounded by areas whose ecology is not well-tended. To make matters worse, Home Owners Associations (HOAs) may not allow widespread prescribed fire, which may be the only way the agency knows how to manage large tracts in Central Florida.

Filling the Ecological Void

State agencies and commercial ecology service providers leave a huge market gap for landowners of just a few acres, and especially those less than one acre in size. Even sites of 100 acres may not appear on the state agency’s RADAR. These sites are sometimes residential, sometimes urban development projects, and sometimes they are small conservation areas set aside from larger, more profitable tracts of land. These small sites have the same need for ecology, and in many ways more need, as any state forest or wildlife management area.

Three Psilos, Inc. is here to fill the ecological void in Central Florida, by offering ecology services to any sized site at much more reasonable prices than commercial ecology service providers, and in a much shorter time-frame than any state or federal agency. We have spent many years studying Central Florida’s scrubs and sandhills, finding and observing endangered species as well as invasive species. We have purchased multiple tracts of land on the Lake Wales Ridge for closer study. We are constantly learning and relearning the rich collection of species in our area. We are applying and developing techniques that will better support smaller sites. We are even training what we are calling “Ridge Dogs,” which are specific dog breeds, or combination of dog breeds, that are most helpful on Central Florida’s interior ridges. Ridge Dogs have been used to help discover active Gopher Tortoise burrows, indicate White-tailed Deer traffic through a site, track rat activities around buildings, and find a child lost in the scrubs. We are even training them to sniff out invasive species.

We are building our services to meet any need specific to Central Florida’s interior ridge habitats. Among the most critical services are the creation of Site Ecology Reports.

Site Ecology Reports

Three Psilos, Inc. sets the standard for Ecology Reports in Central Florida, and worldwide. Your complete package will include a site survey of all plant an animal species, with estimates as to counts per acre. The most endangered or invasive species will get extra attention, including complete GNSS/GPS location information for each. The largest or oldest species in the area would also get special attention, even if not endangered. Samples of each species will be observed and shared privately through iNaturalist.

Designation of the various habitats found on your site is included, along with their current size estimates. This can become very interesting when repeated each year for the same site. Any GIS information gathered via GNSS/GPS will be included with the package. Even an attempt at historical information for the site will also be included; what it might have been like 100, 1000, or even 10,000 years ago.

Also included in the Site Ecology Report is enough information for any site owner to easily draft a Land Management Plan based on the results. The Land Management Plan can be used by any landscape contractor with the skills and services to properly support the ecology of your site. The Site Ecology Report can also allow any landowner the chance to Do It Yourself (DIY), as it includes extra PDF documentation to support your special species.

A Site Ecology Report is also useful for adjustments to real estate pricing; both residential and especially commercial. A Brazilian Peppertree infestation, for instance, can cost tens of thousands of dollars to treat, even in a relatively small area of land. And how can someone even estimate the value of an endangered endemic species that might exist on the site. At Three Psilos, Inc. we believe things like this should be reflected in your final price.

Our Site Ecology Report covers your site for one full calendar year. This means all Three Psilos, Inc. ecology services are available to your site for one year. Anything we offer is covered by your Site Ecology Report. From developing a Land Management Plan to actively pulling out Cogongrass, the sky is the limit. Remember, a Site Ecology Report is required to hire Three Psilos, Inc. as your ecology service provider.

Site Ecology Report (for sites up to 40 acres)

Site Ecology Report (for sites up to 40 acres)

Three Psilos, Inc. Site Ecology Reports set the standard for ecological surveys in Central Florida’s xeric uplands.

This Site Ecology Report documents your site’s ecological make-up. You will receive a publication-quality, PDF package including your site’s official ecology report, and access to all Three Psilos, Inc. services for one year.

$240.00
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Site Ecology Report for Large Sites (per 100 acres)

Site Ecology Report for Large Sites (per 100 acres)

Three Psilos, Inc. Site Ecology Reports set the standard for ecological surveys in Central Florida’s xeric uplands.

This Site Ecology Report documents your site’s ecological make-up. You will receive a publication-quality, PDF package including your site’s official ecology report, and access to all Three Psilos, Inc. services for one year.

$720.00
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Certainly, a large amount of work goes into your site’s complete Site Ecology Report, and it is well worth the effort. But what if a landowner wants help with one specific plant or animal? Three Psilos, Inc. now has a lower-cost option for this exact case; Site Ecology Recommendations.

Site Ecology Recommendations

Our Site Ecology Recommendation is, quite simply, a “lite” version of our Site Ecology Report. A Site Ecology Recommendation will focus on a specific species of interest to you at your site. Since a complete survey of all areas and species of your land is not required, the Site Ecology Recommendation can be offered to you at a much lower cost.

You could think of a Site Ecology Recommendation as an ecologist’s “prescription” for a specific issue at your site. Another way to think of it is like paying a mechanic for an estimate for your auto repairs; since you are paying for the opinion, it is assumed extraneous repairs will not be included in the estimate.

Included with the Site Ecology Recommendation is our Ecologist’s opinion as to how to handle the species of interest at your site. Along with the recommendation are documentation and references that support the recommendation. We further believe, with this recommendation, that enough information is given for nearly anyone to complete the work needed. Of course, we would like you to hire Three Psilos, Inc. to help carry out the services required by your recommendation, but it is certainly not required.

While lower in price than a full Site Ecology Report, there is still a cost associated with the Site Ecology Recommendation. This is to ensure an impartial result. We believe any landowner who is in negotiations with state agencies about any specific species on their site should invest in our Site Ecology Recommendation as a second opinion. Further, since our Site Ecology Recommendation contains all the information required for anyone to complete the work, a landowner could start land management operations immediately, saving months in waiting for the state’s Land Management Plan, and even more time waiting for any state-offered services for your site that might follow.

Our Site Ecology Recommendation can also be used in commercial or residential real estate pricing calculations. If your site has an endangered species, the Site Ecology Recommendation can not only fully document the finding, it would give the future landowner information to handle the ongoing care of the species upon ownership. This adds value to your transaction, and helps protect Central Florida’s most endangered species.

Our Site Ecology Recommendation is a publication-quality article, in electronic PDF format containing the recommendation, images, graphs, and other documentation pertaining to your species of interest. Everything you need to start helping Central Florida immediately.

Your Site Ecology Recommendation will cover your species of interest at your site for one full calendar year. Remember, a Site Ecology Recommendation is required for many of the Three Psilos, Inc. ecology services you might need.

Site Ecology Recommendation

Site Ecology Recommendation

Three Psilos, Inc. has a mission to restore Central Florida’s xeric upland Sandhill and Scrub communities on the Lake Wales Ridge, and on all the ridges… one day at a time.

We use “Applied Ecology” to help heal the land by introducing, removing, or managing certain species in effort to gain even more of our desired endemic species. If you live on or around the Lake Wales Ridge, or…

$80.00
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At Three Psilos, Inc. we think it is never too late to mend the fence. It is our mission to help restore the Lake Wales Ridge.. one day at a time!

How a Lawnmower Ruins Your Ecology

Whether you have non-native invasive species, or endangered endemic species, a lawnmower makes either situation worse.

Fit to be Mown

Grass was not created to be razed by machines. Perhaps by animals, but certainly not by machines. Grass has lived on this Earth without lawnmowers for exactly as long as grass has been around, minus approximately one human lifespan.

Somehow, in the middle of the last century, it was decided by American social media (then called television) that a yard must be some sort of non-native turf grass, and that this turf is to be shorn regularly. If not perfectly trimmed, the unkempt yard’s owners must surely be criminals.

One could compare a society’s residential landscaping to its hairstyles. A residential yard made up of irregular grasses is certainly to be judged just as harshly as a mid-century American without a crew-cut or bee-hive hairstyle. People are, however, “groovin up slowly” and starting to realize there is more to residential life than a uniformly green lawns.

Lawnmowers Make Everything Worse

If a yard has endangered endemics, the trusty lawnmower cleanly removes any chance at reproduction for those species. Native perennial grasses can not reseed themselves, since they don’t have a chance to grow their own flowers. Native shrubs cannot reach maturity, since they continually grow and are cut back. Pollen sources for bees and butterflies cannot exist, since no species will be allowed to flower that requires more than a couple inches of height.

In the case of non-native invasives, the lawnmower can quickly cover up the infestation having given it a clean-looking haircut. Meanwhile, the invasive continues slowly spreading underground, potentially displacing everything else. It writes off its lost blade tops, and continues to focus most of its energies on root development. Cogongrass is one such invasive, non-native.

As another example, consider Saint Augustine grass, used throughout Florida as a “native” turflawn. It is considered “native” because it was originally found growing in the Florida panhandle. St Augustine, however, will eventually succumb to death by fungus throughout Central Florida’s residential yards. The fungus is simply trying to remove the non-native grass for you. But this means a St. Augustine grass turflawn will need to be completely replaced within five to ten years. It costs thousands of dollars to replace a yard with expensive sod. Many HOAs will actually require specific turflawn species to be used on your site, or they will add fines. This is not very American; HOAs have it wrong on this one.

The Adventures of Johnny Butterflyseed Author Signed Copy

Scrap the Lawnmower

It is time for true Floridians to stop using lawnmowers. Its time to restore your yard with the correct ecology for your county. Choose from hundreds of natives that can suit your needs. This will create a yard with plants that will live happily together, and without extra watering, feeding, cutting, weeding, sod, fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides.

Yes, you will need to go through a culture shock as you consider a yard with something other than short green fake looking grass. Yes, there will be bare patches of sand, but these are important to animals below the surface. Yes, you might have cacti or other thorned specimens in Central Florida. One of the most beautiful and rare endangered endemics in Florida is the Scrub Plum (Prunus geniculata) which has many thorns.

Over time, you can include different flowering species, which bloom at different times throughout the calendar year. You can also include Larval Host Plants in your yard to attract any one of Florida’s butterflies. You can even add a small pond to attract a multitude of Dragonflies.

In the end, your Florida Native yard may not look like the yard from a 1960’s sitcom, but it will be a lot less work, and will lead to a lot more nature, and thus more beauty, for you.

Keep the Lawn Mower

Ok, so you already have a lawn mower, and you hate to lose all that money from its purchase by trying to sell it used. We understand. The good news is, there are still many uses for that lawn mower.

It can still act as a miniature brush chopper that can clear walking trails and fence lines. This saves money hiring someone to do this for you. And there are worse ways to cut a trail, especially if one starts with the cutting height set very high. It may not handle anything but grasses and shrubs, but if used regularly, it can stay on top of stray Saw Palmetto as well as all of the oaks of the Lake Wales Ridge. This is everything one needs for a walking trail.

Further, a lawn mower can be very helpful as a means to replace prescribed burns for an area of native grasses. It might be that mowing Wiregrass will be enough to force it into flowering, in place of a regular burn. In this case your mower is still well worth the investment compared to organizing fires across your front yard.

Then again, you may very much want to burn your native grassy areas. In which case the mower is again useful in multiple ways. First, it can clear-cut a firebreak around the area of intended burn. Second, it can chop the grass in the area to be burned to allow it to dry and brown and become flammable. The list of uses for the mower is quite long. One could even use the mower to generate electricity, or operate a go-kart, or pump water in the event of a flood.

Finally, a mower is still very useful in the event you maintain a small percentage of a turf lawn in the midst of a larger area of native grasses. This might be an area designed for normal yard use, nearer a house. This is also very useful for yard games. And especially useful for pets. Assuming the more invasive sod grass does not overtake your native installation, it can bring a nice balance when installing natives in a residential area.

There are always problems and always solutions. Perhaps a heavy riding mower might crush young Gopher Tortoises, whereas a push-behind is lighter and less likely to cause harm. Of course, rotating blades are always a risk to Gopher Tortoises or young Quail.

Think of the overall ecology as you design the world you want. That’s what we try to do.

We Can Help

Hire Three Psilos, Inc. to help you restore the correct Florida Ecology in your yard, lot, or land anywhere throughout Central Florida’s ridges. Start with our affordable Site Ecology Recommendation where our ecologist, who specializes in Florida’s xeric upland sandhill and scrub communities, can offer a recommendation for you to support a certain species, or overall ecology, in your residential yard.

Say “goodbye” to pushing around a lawnmower. With Three Psilos, Inc., you can finally have the world you’ve always wanted.

Site Ecology Recommendation

Site Ecology Recommendation

Three Psilos, Inc. has a mission to restore Central Florida’s xeric upland Sandhill and Scrub communities on the Lake Wales Ridge, and on all the ridges… one day at a time.

We use “Applied Ecology” to help heal the land by introducing, removing, or managing certain species in effort to gain even more of our desired endemic species. If you live on or around the Lake Wales Ridge, or…

$80.00
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Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica): The Scourge of the Lake Wales Ridge

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), or sometimes ‘cogon grass’, is an extremely invasive, non-native species of grass. This Southeast Asian perennial was originally introduced into the U.S. in 1911 near Mobile, Ala. as packing material in a shipment of plants from Japan.

First described in the times of Napoleon, Cogongrass’s full botanical citation is:

IMPERATA CYLINDRICA (Linnaeus) Palisot de Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 8, 165, 177. 1812.

The first Cogongrass collected for the University of South Florida’s “Vascular Plants of Florida” Herbarium, was Found by George R. Cooley and Joseph Monachino on Chinsegut Hill in Hernando County in 1958.

Cogongrass: Our #1 “Most Wanted” Invasive Non-Native species. A “Landscape Terrorist”, Cogongrass should be considered the “Ace of Spades” and treated as such.

Cogongrass collected by the team appeared atop one of the highest elevations in Central Florida; the Chinsegut Hill Manor House. Originally built in the 1850s, Chinsegut Hill is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Historic gardens are well-known vectors for non-native invasives, mostly due to the implementor’s ignorance of the long-term impact of installing the various specimens. In the nineteenth century, these specimens, usually obtained from world-wide origins, would indicate the high social status of the garden’s owner. Brazillian Peppertree, for example, was a highly sought-after ornamental in the late nineteenth century. It also seemed to be a good, holly-like crop to sell as Christmas decorations. Closely related to Poison Ivy, it has since become a scourge across the state more than one hundred years later.

#2 on the Invasive Non-Native “Most Wanted” List: Brazilian Peppertree

A poor grazing option for any animal, it is not likely anyone intentionally attempted to plant Cogongrass in the late 1800s. The rhizomes, or crawling roots, of the Cogongrass were accidentally left in a root ball of an imported ornamental, and spread from there.

Infection

Cogongrass spreads most effectively underground using its rhizome system. The roots have no problem forming a complete plant totally underground. It considers its grass blades as disposable. The roots barely spend any resources on their blades of grass, which is why they are such poor forage for animals. The rhizomes, instead, grow everywhere, and they try in every direction; slowly, but constantly. Very similar to the idea of zombies. The tips of the crawling roots can even pierce other species’ roots, directly robbing them of their nutrients.

Cogongrass is a growing machine meant to obliterate all other species. And given enough time, it will.

If the zombie-like crawling roots of Cogongrass weren’t scary enough, they also produce tiny seeds that are carried, on average, 16 feet from the flower’s origin.

This means a neighbor’s innocent-looking, flowering grass, flowing gently in the wind can easily spread across the street or fence, and settle on your land. Additionally, birds such as Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura) will eat the seeds, thereby spreading them everywhere they go. Usually, however, they will “distribute” Cogongrass seeds while resting themselves on your fence.

Delaying the Inevitable

Contrary to instinct, growth of Cogongrass is not slowed by mechanical cutting of its blades. The rhizomes continue to crawl their way through your field or yard. In fact, with its nice, clean haircut, Cogongrass seems more like a crabgrass that can be ignored. And it usually is ignored. Meanwhile, it continues to spread at nearly the same rate.

To add fuel to the fire, burning will only further help Cogongrass. While fire might remove its disposable blades in a different way, it still doesn’t harm the root structure below the sand, which continues to spread and thicken.

Effective Treatment of Cogongrass

The good news is, these zombie-like rhizomes can only reach about six inches (6″/15cm) of depth below the surface. That means tilling becomes an option to reduce the crawling roots’ effectiveness, and eventually kill off all Cogongrass roots. This may not be practical in many cases, but in open fields that are nearly 100% Cogongrass, tillage with discs becomes an affordable choice. This must be followed by over-seeding with native grasses. Tilling, however, proves be difficult in or around Central Florida’s oak hammocks. A hammock is an “island” of hardwood trees in an otherwise different ecosystem, such as a scrub, or a sandhill community of Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris). On the ridges, these hardwood trees are usually “running oaks,” which are species of the genus Quercus which sends their roots across the sand, in search of new places to sprout more trunks.

Truly effective, long-term control of Cogongrass will require the careful application of herbicide over multiple seasons. While the maximum depth for Cogongrass may be six inches, those six inches can, and eventually will, form a nearly solid mat of roots, making it difficult for the herbicide to penetrate the full thickness of the mat. Since the deepest roots might not be killed by any one application of herbicide, they will eventually reach the surface again and start new blades of grass. Careful attention must be paid to how much of the herbicide is being applied and exactly where it has been applied. The use of GNSS/GPS equipment is highly recommended to accurately track any spraying.

Further, the application of the herbicides for Cogongrass is not as simple as mixing a certain number of ounces into a certain volume of water and just start spraying. Calculations must be done that administer a specific number of ounces of product per certain area of Cogongrass. Cogongrass rhizomes will require close attention in specific areas over a long time for complete eradication. Complete eradication should be expected within three calendar years from the initial treatment.

Three Psilos recommends applying both glyphosate, for killing the grass blades, as well as imazapyr, which has a lingering impact on Cogongrass roots. These, together with a surfectant to help consistently apply the product to the blades themselves, should ensure the eradication of Cogongrass. As a product, Three Psilos, Inc. uses Ragan & Massey’s RM43, because it is available in many farm and garden stores. RM43 is a combination of two herbicides and surfactant. It is rainfast in two hours and there are no entry restrictions to sprayed areas for pets or people after the spray has dried. Further, it has been shown imazapyr has little effect on pine tree roots, making it even better for use on non-native grasses in pine stands.

Our Services

Three Psilos, Inc. cares about Central Florida’s xeric upland sandhill and scrub habitats. To that extent, we want to see Cogongrass eradicated, and have made it our mission to help.

We offer the services of professional landscaping, merged with the careful application of science specific to Florida’s interior dune ecology. This starts with a Site Ecology Recommendation.

Site Ecology Recommendation

Three Psilos, Inc. is proud to offer Site Ecology Recommendations across Central Florida. These are ecology reports that are meant to focus on a single species at your site. Whether an endangered vertebrate species like a Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), or a Category 1 non-native invasive vascular plant, such as Cogongrass, Three Psilos, Inc. can help you make more informed decisions about the management and/or potential value of your site, and at a speed much faster than any other agency.

Focusing on one specific species within the context of the Central Florida ridges reduces overall costs required, and gets real science into your site much faster than any government agency can, while at a much lower cost than other private ecology firms. Have you wondered if you have a specific species at your site? Is there a species you would like to have? Or would like to have removed? A Site Ecology Recommendation is a powerful tool to help you quickly achieve your vision for your site.

Further, your Site Ecology Recommendation will contain everything needed to create a Site Management Plant, to hire professionals and act as your own General Contractor, or to even do all the management work yourself (DIY). It will include a site description, information about your species of interest, the coordinates of anything related to your species exported as GIS information, as a graphical map, or as a set of waypoints from your site. After the Site Visit, a complete PDF document of the Site Recommendation will be sent via email. This will help make support and management of your site more affordable, and makes specialized, or even endangered, species more obtainable for your site.

Additionally, a Site Ecology Recommendation can be used to help negotiate the price of any lot or land. Finally, a Site Ecology Recommendation can be invaluable evidence in a court setting.

Site Ecology Recommendation

Site Ecology Recommendation

Three Psilos, Inc. has a mission to restore Central Florida’s xeric upland Sandhill and Scrub communities on the Lake Wales Ridge, and on all the ridges… one day at a time.

We use “Applied Ecology” to help heal the land by introducing, removing, or managing certain species in effort to gain even more of our desired endemic species. If you live on or around the Lake Wales Ridge, or…

$80.00
Shop now
Cogongrass Treatment (per 1,000 sq.ft./93 sq.m.)

Cogongrass Treatment (per 1,000 sq.ft./93 sq.m.)

Treatment of your Cogongrass infection, which includes three site visits with hand-applied spot treatments by Florida ecologist.

$50.00
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Further Reading

Armed with the below documentation, anyone can get started helping fight The Battle of the Cogongrass. Three Psilos, Inc. wants to see Cogongrass eradicated from all of Florida. We aren’t doing it for the money, we are doing it for the land. It’s not a business, its a mission.

cogonDownload
Cogongrass_Control_RecommendationsDownload
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